USS Ohio (1901)
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Приём конкурсных работ завершён. Результаты конкурса «Вики-спринт №7: Корабли ВМС США (до 1922 года)» будут объявлены 4 февраля 2015 г.
USS Ohio (BB-12)
США
| 22 апреля 1899 года Заложен |
| 18 мая 1901 года Спущен на воду |
| 4 октября 1904 года Введен в строй |
| 31 мая 1922 года Выведен из боевого состава |
| 14 августа 1922 года Сдан на слом |
| 12 600 / 13 700 т. Водоизмещение (стандартное/полное) |
| 120,04 / 22,02 / 7,72 м. Размерения (длина/ширина/осадка) |
| 561 чел. Общая численность |
| Гарвеевская броня:280 / мм. Пояс/борт |
| Сталеникелевая броня:51-25 мм. Палуба |
| 152-254 / мм. Траверз (носовой/кормовой) |
| Круповская броня:305-203 мм. Барбеты |
| 305 / 280 / / мм. Башни ГК (лоб/бок/тыл/крыша) |
| 305 мм. Боевая рубка |
Артиллерия главного калибра
- 4 (2 × 2) — 305-мм / 40 калибр;
- 16 × 1 — 152-мм / 50 калибр.
Вспомогательная артилерия
- 6 × 1 — 76,2-мм / 50 калибр;
- 8 x 1 — 47-мм;
- 6 х 1 — 37 мм.
Минно-торпедное вооружение
- 2 × 450-мм подводных ТА.
История создания
При проектировании броненосцев типа Kearsarge американским кораблестроителям пришлось принять ряд, как потом показала эксплуатация кораблей, неправильных решений. Было решено разместить две восьми дюймовые башни поверх башен главного калибра. Однако высокое расположение арт установок угрожало остойчивости, поэтому борт пришлось сделать низким. Спаренные башни волей-неволей должны были стрелять по одной цели; одно попадание выводило из строя всю "этажерку", да и провернуть их вручную было невозможно. Залп восьмидюймовок мешал заряжанию и наводке главного калибра и наоборот, что снижало и без того невысокую скорострельность. Будущий адмирал Уильям Симс, служивший на "Кирсардже", назвал конструкцию башен "преступлением против белого человека".
При проектировании следующей серии броненосцев типа Illinois американцы обратили внимание на английские броненосцы типа Majestic. Бронирование этих кораблей повторяло бронирование предшественников, но в остальном они были спроектированы по британской схеме - с высоким полубаком, с барбетными установками главного калибра и многочисленными шестидюймовками, но без 203-мм пушек. Переняли даже расположение труб. Опять не обошлось без недостатков: 13 и 6 дюймовые орудия располагались на общей батарейной палубе, а не в отдельных казематах, как у англичан. При таком расположении одно удачное попадание вражеского снаряда выводило из строя все орудия на батарейной палубе.
Окончательно "европейской" стала следующая серия броненосцев: "Maine", "Missouri" и "Ohio". Американцам удалось создать приемлемую 12-дюймовку и скорострельную 6-дюймовку с хорошими начальными скоростями. За счет применения современной крупповской брони ее толщину удалось снизить. США получили добротный броненосец, и в немалой степени они обязаны этим России.
Программа 1898 года поставило русское правительство перед необходимостью воспользоваться услугами иностранных фирм. Броненосец и крейсер заказали в США. Заказ на "Ретвизан" и знаменитый крейсер "Варяг" достался владельцу верфи в Филадельфии Чарльзу Крампу.
В результате соединения передовой американской технологии и организации труда и продуманного русского проекта возник "Ретвизан", который многие историки считают лучшим броненосцем России тех времен.
Удачный экспортный проект привлек внимание и самих хозяев. Броненосцы типа Maine мало отличались от русского прототипа.
==
POWERFUL UNITED STATES BATTLESHIP OHIO (BB-12). The battleship Ohio, recently launched at San Francisco, is the newest pride of the American navy." She is forty feet longer than the Oregon (BB-3) and 2,000 tons greater in displacement. She is twenty feet longer than the Iowa (BB-4) and 1,000 tons greater in displacement than that ship. Her largest rifle will be twelve inches. Her secondary battery will contain sixteen 12-inch rifles. The Ohio's dimensions are: Length on the water line, 388 feet; width, 72 feet 5 inches; mean draught, 23 feet; maximum draught, 25 feet 3 inches; displacement, 12,500 tons; speed, 18 knots; maximum horse power, 16,000; total coal supply, 2,000 tons. She will carry one flag officer, one commanding officer, sixteen wardroom officers, twelve junior officers and five warrant officers. In many respects the Ohio will be the greatest of all marine fighting machines. The works of the ship will of the most approved kind. Her engine room will resemble a great workshop,fitted with the finest tools that can be made. The ship herself, with her windings and alleyways, her broad decks and hundreds of apartments, will be like a small city behind walls of steel. She will have her telephone system, her lighting plant and her water works. In this steel-girt city will be nearly 1,000 incandescent lamps and telephone communications between all parts. The filling of one water-tight compartment at any time need be no cause for alarm. The touch of a button in the central station will close every water-tight door in less time than would take to give the order. Her complement will be about 500 men.
==
From: DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN NAVAL FIGHTING SHIPS, Vol. V, p. 144.
Ohio
BB-12
displacement. 12,723
length. 393'10"
beam. 72'3"
draft. 23'10"
armament. 18 k.
complement. 561
armament. 4 12", 16 6", 6 3", 8 3-pdr., 6 1-pdr., 2 .30 cal. mg.
class. Maine
The third Ohio (BB-12) was laid down 22 April 1899 by Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Calif.; launched 18 May 1901; sponsored by Miss Helen Deschler; and commissioned 4 October 1904, Captain Leavitt C. Logan in command.
Designated flagship of the Asiatic Fleet, Ohio departed San Francisco 1 April 1905 for Manila, where she embarked the party of then Secretary of War William Howard Taft, which included Miss Alice Roosevelt, the President's daughter. She conducted t his party on much of its Far Eastern tour of inspection, and continued the cruise in Japanese, Chinese and Philippine waters until returning to the United States in 1907.
Ohio sailed out of Hampton Roads, Va., 16 December 1907 with the battleships of the Atlantic Fleet. Guns crashed a salute to President Theodore Roosevelt while he reviewed the Great White Fleet as it began the cruise around the world which, perhaps more than any other event, marked the emergence of the United States as a major world power.
Commanded by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, and later, Rear Admiral Charles S. Sperry, the fleet made calls on the east and west coasts of South America, rounding the Horn in between, en route to San Francisco. On 7 July 1908, Ohio and her sisters s haped their course west to Hawaii, New Zealand and Australia. On each visit the American ships were welcomed with great enthusiasm but none of their ports of call received them with such enthusiastic friendliness as Tokyo where they anchored 18 October. T he fleet's presence in Japan symbolized both American friendship and strength and helped to ease dangerously strained relations between the two countries.
The fleet put in at Amoy, returned to Yokohama, held target practice in the Philippines and was homeward-bound 1 December. After steaming through the Suez Canal 4 January 1909, the fleet made Mediterranean calls, before anchoring in Hampton Roads 22 Febru ary.
Ohio sailed on to New York, her home port for the next 4 years during duty training men of the New York Naval Militia and performing general service with the Atlantic Fleet.
In 1914 she sailed to the Gulf of Mexico to join in the patrol off Vera Cruz, protecting American interests endangered by Mexican political turmoil. Ohio returned north in the summer for a Naval Academy midshipmen cruise, then joined the Reserve Fl eet at Philadelphia, recommissioning for each of the next two summers' midshipmen cruises, 1915 and 1916.
Soon after the United States entered World War I Ohio recommissioned 24 April 1917. Throughout the war, she operated out of Norfolk, training crews for the expanding fleet, taking part in battleship maneuvers. She arrived at Philadelphia 28 Novembe r 1918; was placed in reserve there 7 January 1919; decommissioned 31 May 1922; and was sold for scrapping 24 March 1923.
Transcribed and edited by: Larry W. Jewell
==
Maine class battleships
Displacement: 12,846 tons normal; 13,700 tons full load Dimensions: 394 x 72 x 24 feet/120 x 22 x 7.2 meters Propulsion: VTE engines, 12 boilers (Maine: 24), 2 shafts, 16,000 ihp, 18 knots Crew: 561 (779-813 wartime) Armor: KC & Harvey: 5.5-11 inch belt, 2.75-4 inch deck, 8-12 inch barbettes, 11-12 inch turrets, 2-10 inch CT Armament: 2 dual 12"/45cal, 16 6"/50cal, 6 3"/50cal, 8 3 pound, 6 1-pound, 2 18 inch torpedo tubes (submerged)
Concept/Program: A significant improvement upon previous classes; introduced several new features to US battleship designs. Generally successful, although rapidly made obsolete by the dreadnoughts.
Design: Were considerably faster than previous designs, as a response to the perceived threat of Russian fast battleships. Were the first US battleships to use high-velocity main guns, and the first with KC armor, which allowed equal protection with thinner armor. As with the previous class, there was no 8" intermediate battery. The 6" guns were arranged as in the previous class. The ships were unfortunately rather wet, despite high freeboard.
Modernization: During 1909-1911 the ships underwent modernization as part of fleet-wide improvements; cage foremasts and mainmasts were fitted, and Maine was reboilered. By 1919 all but 8 of the 6" and all of the 3" had been removed, and 2 3 inch AA had been added.
Departure from Service/Disposal: Reduced to training and subsidiary duties by 1915 and were discarded in the post-WWI fleet reductions.
==
Ohio B-12 - BB 12 Photos: [Ohio as completed],
DANFS History
Built by Union Iron Works, San Francisco, CA. Laid down 22 April 1899, launched 18 May 1901, commissioned 4 October 1904.
Served on Asiatic Station 1905-1907. Participated in the cruise of the Great White Fleet, 1907-1909. Modernized 1909. During 1909-1913 served mainly as a training ship for the New York Naval Militia, but was also active with the fleet. Participated in operations at Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1914. Served as a Naval Academy training ship during the summers of 1914, 1915 and 1916; was reduced to commissioned reserve during the winters of 1914-1915, 1915-1916, and 1916-1917. Placed in full commission 23 April 1917.
Served as a training ship throughout WWI. Reduced to commissioned reserve 7 January 1919. Designation BB 12 assigned 17 July 1920. Decommissioned 31 May 1922, stricken for disposal 14 August 1922, sold for scrapping 24 March 1923 under the Washington Treaty.
==
Ohio (BB-12: dp. 12,723; l. 393-10-; b. 72-3-; dr. 23-10-; s. 18 k.; Cpl. 561; a. 4 12-, 16 6-, 6 3-, 8 3-pdr., 6 1-pdr., 2 .30 cal. mg.; cl. Maine)
Ohio was admitted to the Union 1 March 1803, as the 17th State.
III
The third Ohio (BB-12) was laid down 22 April 1899 by Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Calif.; launched 18 May 1901. sponsored by Miss Helen Deschler; and commissioned 4 October 1904, Captain Leavitt C. Logan in command.
Designated flagship of the Asiatic Fleet, Ohio departed San Francisco 1 April 1905 for Manila, where she embarked the party of then Secretary of War William Howard Taft, which included Miss Alice Roosevelt, the President-s daughter. She conducted this party on much of its Far Eastern tour of inspection, and continued the cruise in Japanese, Chinese and Philippine waters until returning to the United States in 1907.
Ohio sailed out of Hampton Roads, Va., 16 December 1907 with the battleships of the Atlantic Fleet. Guns crashed a salute to President Theodore Roosevelt while he reviewed the Great White Fleet as it began the cruise around the world which, perhaps more than any other event, marked the emergence of the United States as a major world power.
Commanded by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, and later, Rear Admiral Charles S. Sperry, the fleet made calls on the east and west coasts of South America, rounding the Horn in between, en route to San Francisco. On 7 July 1908, Ohio and her sisters shaped their course west to Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia. On each visit the American ships were welcomed with great enthusiasm, but none of their ports of call received them with such enthusiastic friendliness as Tokyo where they anchored 18 October. The fleet-s presence in Japan, symbolized both American friendship and strength and helped to ease dangerously strained relations between the two countries.
The fleet put in at Amoy, returned to Yokohama, held target practice in the Philippines, and was homeward-bound 1 December. After steaming through the Suez Canal 4 January 1909, the fleet made Mediterranean calls, before anchoring in Hampton Roads 22 February.
Ohio sailed on to New York, her home port for the next 4 years during duty training men of the New York Naval Militia and performing general service with the Atlantic Fleet.
In 1914 she sailed to the Gulf of Mexico to join in the patrol off Vera Cruz, protecting American interests endangered by Mexican political turmoil. Ohio returned north in the summer for a Naval Academy midshipmen cruise, then joined the Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia, recommissioning for each of the next two summers- midshipmen cruises, 1915 and 1916.
Soon after the United States entered World War I, Ohio recommissioned 24 April 1917. Throughout the war, she operated out of Norfolk, training crews for the expanding fleet, taking part in battleship maneuvers. She arrived at Philadelphia 28 November 1918; was placed in reserve there 7 January 1919; decommissioned 31 May 1922; and was sold for scrapping 24 March 1923.
A fourth Ohio (BB-68) was authorized 19 July 1940, and her construction assigned to the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Construction was cancelled 21 July 1943.
==
USS Ohio (Battleship # 12, later BB-12), 1904-1923
USS Ohio, a 12,500-ton Maine class battleship, was built at at San Francisco, California. She was commissioned in October 1904 and served along the West Coast until April 1905, when she steamed across the Pacific to become flagship of the Asiatic Fleet. She returned to the United States in 1907 and, late in that year, began an epic cruise around the World with other battleships of the "Great White Fleet". After the this voyage ended in February 1909, Ohio was modernized, trading her white and buff color scheme for a drab, but more practical, grey and receiving the first of what ultimately would be two "basket masts". She thereafter was primarily stationed in the Atlantic, where she served with combat forces and on training duty. In 1914, the battleship participated in the occupation of Vera Cruz, Mexico, and the next year transited the Panama Canal to visit the Pacific Coast.
After the United States entered World War I in 1917, Ohio was employed as a training ship, based at Norfolk, Virginia. Soon after the conflict's end she briefly served as a troop transport, then was in reserve status at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Classified BB-12 in mid-1920, in September of that year she was involved in salvage attempts on the sunken submarine S-5. USS Ohio was decommissioned at the end of May 1922 and sold for scrapping in March 1923.
==
USS Ohio (BB-12)
USS "Ohio" (BB-12), a "Maine"-class pre-"Dreadnought" battleship, was the third ship of the United States Navy named for the 17th state.
Her keel was laid down 22 April 1899 by Union Iron Works, San Francisco, California. She was launched 18 May 1901 sponsored by Miss Helen Deschler, President and Mrs. William Mc Kinley attended the ceremony. "Ohio" commissioned 4 October 1904 with Captain Leavitt C. Logan in command.
Designated flagship of the Asiatic Fleet, "Ohio" departed San Francisco 1 April 1905 for Manila, where she embarked the party of then Secretary of War William Howard Taft, which included Miss Alice Roosevelt, the President's daughter. She conducted this party on much of its Far Eastern tour of inspection, and continued the cruise in Japanese, Chinese, and Philippine waters until returning to the United States in 1907. Also aboard for this cruise as Midshipman -- later to receive promotion to Fleet Admiral -- Chester Nimitz.
"Ohio" sailed out of Hampton Roads on 16 December 1907 with the battleships of the Atlantic Fleet. Guns crashed a salute to President Theodore Roosevelt while he reviewed the Great White Fleet as it began the cruise around the world which, perhaps more than any other single event, marked the emergence of the United States as a major world power.
Commanded by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, and later, Rear Admiral Charles S. Sperry, the fleet made calls on the east and west coasts of South America, rounding the Horn in between, en route to San Francisco. On 7 July 1908, "Ohio" and her sisters shaped their course west to Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia. On each visit the American ships were welcomed with great enthusiasm but none of their ports of call received them with such enthusiastic friendliness as Tokyo, Japan, where they anchored 18 October. The fleet's presence in Japan symbolized both American friendship and strength and helped to ease dangerously strained relations between the two countries.
The fleet put in at Amoy, returned to Yokohama, held target practice in the Philippines and was homeward-bound 1 December. After steaming through the Suez Canal 4 January 1909, the fleet made Mediterranean calls, before anchoring in Hampton Roads 22 February.
"Ohio" sailed on to New York, her home port for the next four years during duty training men of the New York Naval Militia and performing general service with the Atlantic Fleet.
In 1914 she sailed to the Gulf of Mexico to join in the patrol off Veracruz, protecting American interests endangered by Mexican political turmoil. "Ohio" returned north in the summer for a United States Naval Academy midshipmen cruise, then joined the Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia, recommissioning for each of the next two summers' midshipmen cruises, 1915 and 1916.
Soon after the United States entered World War I "Ohio" recommissioned on 24 April 1917. Throughout the war, she operated out of Norfolk, training crews for the expanding fleet, taking part in battleship maneuvers. She arrived at Philadelphia 28 November 1918; was placed in reserve there 7 January 1919; decommissioned 31 May 1922; and was sold for scrapping 24 March 1923.
==
Armament
4 × 12 in. guns 16 × 6 in. guns 6 × 3 in. guns 8 × 3-pounder guns 6 × 1-pounder guns 2 × .30 in machine guns 2 × 18 in. torpedo tubes
USS Ohio (BB-12) - Design & Construction:
Approved on May 4, 1898, the Maine-class of battleship was meant to be an evolution of USS Iowa (BB-4) which entered service in June 1897. As such, the new battleships were to be of a sea-going design rather than the coastal configuration used in the Indiana-, Kearsarge-, and Illinois- classes. Initially designed to mount four 13"/35 cal. guns in two twin turrets, the design of the new class changed under the guidance of Rear Admiral George W. Melville and more powerful 12"/40 cal. guns were selected instead. This main battery was supported by sixteen 6" guns, six 3" guns, eight 3-pdr guns, and six 1-pdr guns. While the first designs called for using Krupp Cemented armor, the US Navy later decided to utilize Harvey armor which had been employed on earlier battleships.
Designated USS Maine, the lead ship of the class became the first to carry the name since the armored cruiser whose loss helped incite the Spanish-American War. This was followed by USS Ohio which was laid down on April 22, 1899 at Union Iron Works in San Francisco. Ohio was the only member of the Maine-class to be built on the West Coast. On May 18, 1901, Ohio slid down the ways with Helen Deschler, a relative of Ohio Governor George K. Nash, acting as sponsor. In addition, the ceremony was attended by President William McKinley. Over three years later, on October 4, 1904, the battleship entered commission with Captain Leavitt C. Logan in command.
USS Ohio (BB-12) - Early Career:
As the United States' newest battleship in the Pacific, Ohio received orders to steam west to serve as flagship of the Asiatic Fleet. Departing San Francisco on April 1, 1905, the battleship carried Secretary of War William H. Taft and Alice Roosevelt, daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, on an inspection tour of the Far East. Completing this duty, Ohio remained in the region and operated off Japan, China, and the Philippines. Among the ship's crew at this time was Midshipman Chester W. Nimitz who would later lead the US Pacific Fleet to victory over Japan in World War II. With the end of its tour of duty in 1907, Ohio returned to the United States and transferred to the East Coast.
USS Ohio (BB-12) - Great White Fleet:
In 1906, Roosevelt became increasingly worried regarding the US Navy's lack of strength in the Pacific due to the growing threat posed by the Japanese. To impress upon Japan that the United States could move its main battle fleet to the Pacific with ease, he began planning a world cruise of the nation's battleships. Dubbed the Great White Fleet, Ohio, commanded by Captain Charles Bartlett, was assigned to the force's Third Division, Second Squadron. This group also contained its sister ships Maine and Missouri. Departing Hampton Roads on December 16, 1907, the fleet turned south making port calls in Brazil before passing through the Straits of Magellan. Moving north, the fleet, led by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, reached San Diego on April 14, 1908.
Briefly pausing in California, Ohio and the rest of the fleet then crossed the Pacific to Hawaii before reaching New Zealand and Australia in August. After taking part in elaborate and festive visits, the fleet cruised north to the Philippines, Japan, and China. Completing port calls in these nations, the American fleet transited the Indian Ocean before passing through the Suez Canal and entering the Mediterranean. Here the fleet parted to show the flag in several ports. Steaming west, Ohio made visits to ports in the Mediterranean before the fleet regrouped at Gibraltar. Crossing the Atlantic, the fleet arrived at Hampton Roads on February 22 where it was inspected by Roosevelt. With the conclusion of its world cruise, Ohio entered the yard at New York for a refit and received a new coat of gray paint as well as had a new cage mast installed.
USS Ohio (BB-12) - Later Career:
Remaining at New York, Ohio spent much of the next four years training members of the New York Naval Militia as well as conducting occasional operation with the Atlantic Fleet. During this period it received a second cage mast as well as other modern equipment. Though obsolete, Ohio continued to fulfill secondary functions and in 1914 helped support the US occupation of Veracruz. That summer the battleship embarked midshipmen from the US Naval Academy for a training cruise before being deactivated at Philadelphia Navy Yard that fall. Each of the next two summers Ohio reentered commission for training operations involving the Academy.
With the US entry into World War I in April 1917, Ohio was re-commissioned. Ordered to Norfolk following its re-commissioning on April 24, the battleship spent the war training sailors in and around the Chesapeake Bay. With the conflict's conclusion, Ohio steamed north to Philadelphia where it was placed in reserve on January 7, 1919. Decommissioned on May 31, 1922, it was sold for scrap the following March in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty.
==
Pre-World War I
Designated flagship of the Asiatic Fleet, Ohio departed San Francisco on 1 April 1905 for Manila, where she embarked the party of then Secretary of War William Howard Taft, which included Miss Alice Roosevelt, President Theodore Roosevelt's daughter. She conducted this party on much of its Far Eastern tour of inspection, and continued the cruise in Japanese, Chinese, and Philippine waters until returning to the United States in 1907. Also aboard for this cruise as Midshipman–later to receive promotion to Fleet Admiral–Chester Nimitz.
Ohio sailed out of Hampton Roads on 16 December 1907 with the battleships of the Atlantic Fleet. Guns crashed a salute to President Roosevelt while he reviewed the "Great White Fleet", as it began the cruise around the world, which—perhaps more than any other single event—marked the emergence of the United States as a major world power.
Commanded by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, and later, Rear Admiral Charles S. Sperry, the fleet made calls on the east and west coasts of South America, rounding the Horn in between, en route to San Francisco. On 7 July 1908, Ohio and her sisters shaped their course west to Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia. On each visit the American ships were welcomed with great enthusiasm but none of their ports of call received them with such enthusiastic friendliness as Tokyo, Japan, where they anchored on 18 October. The fleet's presence in Japan symbolized both American friendship and strength and helped to ease dangerously strained relations between the two countries.
The fleet put in at Amoy, returned to Yokohama, held target practice in the Philippines and was homeward-bound on 1 December. After steaming through the Suez Canal on 4 January 1909, the fleet made Mediterranean calls, before anchoring in Hampton Roads on 22 February.
Ohio sailed on to New York, her home port for the next four years during duty training men of the New York Naval Militia and performing general service with the Atlantic Fleet.
In 1914, she sailed to the Gulf of Mexico to join in the patrol off Veracruz, protecting American interests endangered by Mexican political turmoil. Ohio returned north in the summer for a United States Naval Academy midshipmen cruise, then joined the Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia, recommissioning for each of the next two summers' midshipmen cruises — 1915 and 1916.
World War I Soon after the United States entered World War I Ohio recommissioned on 24 April 1917. Throughout the war, she operated out of Norfolk, training crews for the expanding fleet, taking part in battleship maneuvers. She arrived at Philadelphia on 28 November 1918 and was placed in reserve there on 7 January 1919. Decommissioned on 31 May 1922, she was sold for scrap on 24 March 1923.
Броненосец США "Огайо" после замены носовой мачты, 1909 год
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Броненосец США "Огайо" после замены носовой мачты, 1909 год
