HMS Ocean (1995)
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Эта статья в данный момент редактируется Статья активно редактируется участником проекта Ketzer. Последняя правка была внесена 18.03.2022. |
HMS Ocean
Великобритания
| 30 мая 1994 Заложен |
| 11 октября 1995 Спущен на воду |
| 19 марта 1999 Введен в строй |
| 27 марта 2018 Выведен из боевого состава |
| 18 000 / 21 758 т. Водоизмещение (стандартное/полное) |
| 203,4 / 36,1 / 6,65 м. Размерения (длина/ширина/осадка) |
| 490 чел. Общая численность |
Универсальное/артиллерийское вооружение:
- 3 (3х2) ЗАК 30-мм/75 GCM-B03;
- 3 (3х6) ЗАК 20-мм/76 Mk 15 Block 1B Phalanx.
Авиационное вооружение:
- 18 (Sea King, Lynx helicopters or Harrier attackers).
Боевая загрузка:
- 40 единиц техники;
- 34 прицепа;
- 500 чел. морской пехоты;
- 2 десантных катера типа LCAC Griffon;
- 4 десантных катера типа LCVP Mk 5;
- 6 гаубиц.
Содержание
Общие сведения
История создания
Предшественники
Предпосылки к созданию
Приглашение к участию в тендере на новый вертолетоносец было опубликовано в феврале 1992 года.[10] В феврале 1993 года газета "Таймс" сообщила, что перевозчик столкнулся с отменой из-за бюджетных ограничений.[11] Однако примерно в то же время британские войска участвовали в операциях на Балканах, в ходе которых учебный авиационный корабль вспомогательного королевского флота RFA Argus был введен в эксплуатацию в качестве транспортного десантного корабля. Помещения и оборудование Argus оказались недостаточными для нужд крупных вооруженных сил США (EMF), что подчеркивало необходимость специальной платформы.[12] 29 марта 1993 года министр оборонных закупок объявил, что продолжается разработка нового вертолета с посадочной платформой (LPH).[13] Два судостроителя подали заявку на контракт – Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd (VSEL) и Swan Hunter. 11 мая 1993 года правительство объявило, что VSEL выиграла контракт.[14] Строительство соответствовало коммерческим стандартам, что значительно снизило затраты и привело к затратам на строительство в размере 154 миллионов фунтов стерлингов (321 миллион фунтов стерлингов в 2020 году)[15], что сопоставимо с затратами на фрегат типа 23. Компания VSEL, производитель военных кораблей, заключила субподряд на этап строительства с коммерческой верфью Kværner в Говане, Глазго.
То, что ставка VSEL была на 71 миллион фунтов стерлингов ниже, чем у Swan Hunter, стало источником политических разногласий и привело к расследованию Госконтроля, чтобы определить, была ли конкуренция справедливой. В отчете, опубликованном 29 июля 1993 года, говорилось, что, хотя VSEL субсидировала свою заявку, Министерство обороны (МО) было правильно, присудив контракт VSEL, поскольку субсидия была намного меньше, чем разница между двумя заявками; ставка VSEL составила 139,5 миллиона фунтов стерлингов по сравнению с предложением Swan Hunter 210,6 миллиона фунтов стерлингов. "Таймс" также предположила, что субсидия составила всего 10 миллионов фунтов стерлингов.[16] В ожидании отчета Financial Times описала различные философии, принятые двумя участниками торгов; в то время как Swan Hunter рассматривал корабль как полностью военный, "VSEL считала, что дизайн в основном представляет собой торговое судно с прикрепленной военной техникой". Решение VSEL заключить субподряд на этапе сборки приняло преимущество более низких накладных расходов на гражданской верфи, а также повышение эффективности со стороны ее материнской компании Kværner.[17]
Спущенный на воду 11 октября 1995 года, он был впоследствии назван в Барроу Ее Величеством королевой 20 февраля 1998 года, до доставки в Девонпорт. В ходе своих ходовых испытаний она достигла максимальной скорости 20,6 узла (38,2 км/ч; 23,7 миль/ч); однако ее обычная максимальная скорость составляет 18 узлов (33 км/ч; 21 миль/ч).[18]
An invitation to tender for a new helicopter carrier was issued in February 1992.[10] In February 1993 The Times reported that the carrier faced cancellation due to budgetary constraints.[11] However, at approximately the same time, British forces were engaged in operations in the Balkans, which saw the Royal Fleet Auxiliary's aviation training ship RFA Argus pressed into service as an amphibious transport ship. Argus's accommodation and facilities proved inadequate for the needs of a large Embarked Military Force (EMF), which emphasised the need for a purpose-built platform.[12] On 29 March 1993, the defence procurement minister announced that development of the new Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) was proceeding.[13] Two shipbuilders tendered for the contract – Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd (VSEL) and Swan Hunter. On 11 May 1993, the government announced that VSEL had won the contract.[14] The build was to commercial standards, reducing costs significantly and leading to a construction spend of £154 million (£321 million in 2020),[15], comparable to that of a Type 23 frigate. VSEL, a warship manufacturer, sub-contracted the build phase to the commercial Kværner yard in Govan, Glasgow.
That VSEL's bid was £71 million lower than Swan Hunter's was the source of political controversy and led to a National Audit Office investigation to determine whether the competition was fair. The report, published on 29 July 1993, stated that, although VSEL did subsidise its bid, the Ministry of Defence (MOD) was right to award the contract to VSEL because the subsidy was much smaller than the difference between the two bids; VSEL's bid was £139.5 million compared to Swan Hunter's £210.6 million. The Times also suggested that the subsidy was as little as £10 million.[16] In anticipation of the report, the Financial Times described the different philosophies adopted by the two bidders; while Swan Hunter viewed the ship as entirely military, "VSEL thought the design was basically a merchant ship with military hardware bolted on." VSEL's decision to sub-contract the build phase took advantage of lower overheads at a civilian yard as well as efficiency drives by its parent, Kværner.[17]
Launched on 11 October 1995, she was subsequently named at Barrow by Her Majesty the Queen on 20 February 1998, prior to delivery to Devonport. In her sea trial, she reached a top speed of 20.6 knots (38.2 km/h; 23.7 mph); however, her usual top speed is 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).[18]
Проектирование
Постройка и испытания
Закладка киля состоялась 30 мая 1994 года. Спущен на воду 11 октября 1995 года. Церемония крещения состоялась 20 февраля 1998 года. Крестной матерью стала Елизавета II, королева Великобритании. Введен в эксплуатацию 30 сентября 1998 года. Портом приписки является военно-морская база Девонпорт, Плимут.
Ocean L12 309 Kvaerner Govan // VSEL, Barrow-in-Furness 30.3.1995 11.10.1995 19.3.1999 stricken 3.2018, to Brazil (Atlântico)
Описание конструкции
Корпус
Бронирование
Энергетическая установка и ходовые качества
Вспомогательное оборудование
Экипаж и обитаемость
Вооружение
Главный калибр
Вспомогательная/зенитная артиллерия
Минно-торпедное вооружение
Противолодочное и противоминное вооружение
Авиационное вооружение
Средства связи, обнаружения, вспомогательное оборудование
- 2x type 1007, type 996(2), 3x Mk 90 radars,
- UAT(4), 2x type 675 ECM suites,
- 8x DLJ(2) Sea Gnat decoy RL,
- 2x DLH SIREN offboard jammer lauchers,
- ADAWS 2000 Mod.1 CCS
Модернизации и переоборудования
2002: - 3 x 2 - 30/75; + 4 x 2 - 20/85 GAM-B03
2008: - type 1007 radar; + type 1008 radar, type 2170 torpedo decoy
2014: - 4 x 2 - 20/85; type 996(2) radar, ADAWS 2000 Mod.1 CCS; + 4 x 1 - 30/75 DS-30B, type 997 ARTISAN radar, CMS-1 CCS
История службы
Just weeks after being commissioned, Ocean was undertaking the warm water element of her first-of-class trials, when she was deployed on short notice to the coasts of Honduras and Nicaragua to provide humanitarian assistance in the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch. In early 1999, Ocean was scheduled to take part in an exercise in the Atlantic, but was diverted to the Mediterranean in readiness for possible deployment to Kosovo.
During 2000, Ocean supported Operation Palliser in Sierra Leone, joining Illustrious in aiding the suppression of rebel activity with her own EMF and providing support facilities for the Spearhead battalion ashore.
On 17 February 2002, a unit of Royal Marines from Ocean accidentally landed on the San Felipe beach in the Spanish town of La Linea instead of Gibraltar, causing a minor diplomatic incident as various media outlets labelled the mistake as an "invasion".
Ocean was part of a large Royal Navy task force deployed for Operation Telic, the UK contribution to the 2003 Iraq War, for which she was awarded a new battle honour "Al Faw 2003". In the helicopter assault role she was accompanied by Ark Royal.
In the summer of 2006, she was deployed as part of the task force involved in the Aurora exercises on the eastern seaboard of the United States.
In 2007, Ocean began her first long refit period. This was carried out by Devonport Management Limited at their Devonport Royal Dockyard facility and lasted around 12 months, during which period Ark Royal took over the LPH role. Ocean sailed from Plymouth on Wednesday 24 September 2008 to start sea trials, following this major period of maintenance and upgrading work. As part of that upgrade, a PyTEC pyrolysising waste recycling unit was fitted.
On 18 February 2009, Ocean sailed from Devonport as part of the Taurus 09 deployment under Commander UK Amphibious Task Group, Commodore Peter Hudson. She was joined on this deployment by the landing platform dock Bulwark, as Hudson's flagship, Type 23 Frigates Argyll and Somerset and four ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. This exercise was filmed for the second series of the Channel 5 documentary Warship.
In June 2009, she took part in exercise Bersama Shield with Somerset and RFA Wave Ruler off the Malay Peninsula.
During the air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Prime Minister Gordon Brown assigned Ocean and other units to rescue stranded travellers and army personnel across the English Channel in Operation Cunningham.
In 2010, she was deployed on a multi-purpose deployment. This started with exercise Auriga on the eastern coast of the USA. She then moved to Brazil to conduct an exercise with the Brazilian marines, whilst there a defence co-operation agreement was signed on board. She then crossed the Atlantic heading for Nigeria to both participate in the Nigeria at 50 presidential fleet review and capacity building with the Nigerian navy as part of the African partnership programme. She returned to Devonport in November.
In April 2011, she was deployed as the follow on ship for the RN's Response Force Task Group (RFTG) COUGAR 11 deployment. During this deployment, she took part in Exercise Cypriot Lion.
In May 2011, she was detached from the COUGAR 11 deployment of the Response Force Task Group and sent with embarked Apaches to aid operations in Libya along with the attack helicopters aboard the French amphibious assault ship Tonnerre. This marks the first time that Apache helicopters have been sent into action from a Royal Navy ship. Her initial complement of three Apaches was bolstered by a fourth soon after, and later a fifth. The deployment included a large medical team, a sign of the ship's flexibility.
On 4 May 2012, she moored at Greenwich to prepare for her role of providing logistics support, accommodation and a helicopter landing site during the London 2012 Olympic Games. From 24 to 28 May 2012, she visited Sunderland, her affiliated port, and made other port calls before returning to London on 13 July. After Olympic duty, Ocean returned to her home port of HMNB Devonport for a scheduled period of maintenance. The LPH role was provided by HMS Illustrious until 2014. On 22 July 2014, HMS Ocean took over the helicopter carrier role again, after its 15-month, $98 million refit, replacing HMS Illustrious, which then returned to its home port Portsmouth for a final time, being decommissioned on 28 August 2014. As part of the Response Force Task Group COUGAR 14 deployment, Ocean has participated in exercises off Albania and France.
Ocean in mid 2015 took part in Joint warrior 15 (JW15) around the coast of Scotland on this trip she stopped in her affiliated town of Sunderland where the ship's company exercised the freedom of the city.
Ocean became the Royal Navy Fleet Flagship in June 2015.
On 24 November 2015, the MoD confirmed that HMS Ocean is to be decommissioned in 2018 as part of cost saving measures with no like-for-like replacement. Under the 2015 Strategic Defence Review, one of two 65,000-ton Queen Elizabeth-class carriers now being assembled at Rosyth, HMS Prince of Wales, would be “enhanced” with the addition of new systems to support Royal Marine amphibious operations. However, current plans do not envisage both carriers operating at the same time except in an emergency. In December 2015, she returned to port late after Ex COUGAR 15.
At the end of August 2017, Ocean left Devonport for her final deployment, scheduled to take over as Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 flagship in the Mediterranean. Before she could relieve HMS Duncan with SNMG2, Ocean was redeployed to assist in disaster relief efforts following Hurricane Irma in the Caribbean, and then the subsequent Hurricane Maria.
Ocean was decommissioned on 27 March 2018 at HMNB Devonport, with Queen Elizabeth II attending the ceremony.
It was reported in 2017 that Brazil was interested in purchasing Ocean as a replacement for the NAe São Paulo (A12) which was withdrawn from service in 2017 following multiple mechanical failures. The Royal Navy released an asking price of £80.3 million ($105,800,871.00 USD), which the Brazilian Navy called "convenient". In November 2017, the Brazilian Ministry of Defense began formal negotiations for the acquisition of the ship.
In December 2017, the Brazilian Navy confirmed the purchase of the ship for (GBP) £84.6 million, (equivalent to R$359.5M and USD $113.2M). Following her decommissioning from Royal Navy service in March 2018, she will undertake a period of maintenance in the United Kingdom and is expected to arrive in Rio de Janeiro by the end of 2018 with the intention of being commissioned and fully operational by 2020. Brazilian defence officials confirmed the purchase, as well as officials from the UK MoD, as of 17 February 2018.
